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 We define FinTech as banks’ integration of technology into the broker intermediation model. Unlike traditional dealer banks relying on leveraged balance sheets for intermediation, FinTech banks adopt a technology-driven broker model. Using nonlinear and machine learning algorithms, we develop an empirical “FinTech score” that shows on-balance sheet lending for low-FinTech-score banks versus securitization, brokered deposits, and non-interest income for high-score banks. Using two complementary measures of operational efficiency, we find that this technology-driven shift in business models (either holistically or via mergers) helps explain reductions in the cost of financial intermediation. Our bank-specific, time-varying FinTech score provides insights into the distribution of FinTech integration into U.S. banking. Link to paper

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Organization capital (OC) constitutes a firm’s unique, hard-to-mimic, hard-to-transfer culture, internal knowledge and language, policies and procedures, growth opportunities and information technology, brand name and any other aspects that are not directly related to the production process. In order to disentangle value enhancement from agency costs inherent in the OC, we calibrate systematic risk premiums from the loss of managerial OC rents by decomposing OC into: (1) portable economic rents in the form of disclosed executive compensation and (2) a strategic component comprised of undisclosed, non-portable OC rents mixed with agency costs. Shareholders in firms with high strategic component (not the portable component) earn an annual systematic risk premium of 4.6%. Disclosures revealing the breakdown between OC and agency costs in the strategic component (earnings surprises, managerial obfuscation and stock mispricing) as well as corporate governance eliminate this risk premium by revealing the OC rents in strategic component and increasing OC portability. Link to paper

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Does relationship bank oversight reduce firm default risk and improve firm operational efficiency? I find that a new loan from a relationship bank reduces the default probability and increases the efficiency of a borrowing firm, benefiting both banks and borrowers. Moreover, inefficient and less creditworthy firms experience the highest reductions in their default risks and improvements in their efficiencies in the years following new relationship bank loans. Further, these benefits are disrupted when the relationship bank is acquired. Link to paper

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Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) has the potential to transform many industries and is exposing workers across a variety of organizational roles to uncertainty about the future of their positions. Using data from Glassdoor reviews, we investigate how the introduction and diffusion of this technology influence worker satisfaction and find evidence of a significant decrease in satisfaction. We find that this decline is concentrated in firms with high GenAI exposure following the release of ChatGPT. Our additional text analysis of employee reviews suggests that this effect is driven by increased job uncertainty and anxiety. We also observe that the negative impact is more pronounced in smaller firms.

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This paper examines how the Paris Agreement affected financed emissions of syndicated loan portfolios for 233 banks across 40 countries from 2010–2023. We distinguish between portfolio decarbonization through divestment from high-emitting borrowers and engagement via post-loan origination monitoring. Banks with high pre-Paris exposure to energy-sector lending significantly reduce financed emissions from newly originated non-relationship loan portfolios by about 20\% after Paris. These reductions are concentrated in the energy sector and are driven by decline in the number of new borrowers, and a shift towards lower-emitting new borrowers. We do not find evidence of reductions through post-loan engagement with existing clients. Link to paper